It is that time of year again,
California. As the days grow shorter and the nights grow semi-colder (it is
still California after all), a flurry of activity begins as employers revisit
their policies and handbooks to assess compliance with the bevy of new
California employment laws that take effect on January 1, 2015, or thereafter.
This year, there is something for everyone: a law that imposes paid sick leave
on nearly every business with California operations, an expansion of
anti-harassment training requirements, and even a few new wage laws thrown in
for good measure. Because these laws have created or expanded employee rights
and benefits, employers should consider whether their current handbooks and policies
properly address the new requirements. All new laws discussed below are
effective on January 1, 2015, unless otherwise indicated.
I. Time Off
A. Mandatory Paid Sick Leave
AB 1522, the "Healthy Workplaces, Healthy Families Act of 2014"
("Act"), is a landmark piece of legislation that requires employers to provide
paid sick leave to any employee who works in California for at least 30 days
within the first year of employment. The law, which is effective on July 1,
2015, requires the accrual of paid sick time at a rate of one hour of sick time
for every 30 hours worked. Employers are allowed to limit an employee’s use of
paid sick leave to 24 hours (or three days) during each year of employment.
Employers must allow sick leave to carry over into the following year of
employment unless they provide employees with sick time each year in a lump-sum
at the beginning of the year. If sick days are not accrued in a lump-sum,
employers must allow employees to accrue up to 48 hours (or six days). While we
believe that the Legislature’s intention was to allow employers to impose both
a three-day limitation on annual use and a six-day cap on accrual where sick
days are accrued over time, the statutory language is not perfectly clear.
Therefore, the easiest way to comply with the new law (and ensure a three-day
limit on the use of sick days is permissible) will be to frontload 24 hours (or
three days) of sick time at the beginning of each calendar year.
Accrued, unused sick leave need not be
paid out upon termination of employment. Employers may also establish a 90-day
waiting period after hire before accrued paid sick leave may be used and may
require sick leave to be used in minimum increments of two hours or less.
Employers that wish to impose such limitations are advised to set forth the
restrictions in a written sick leave policy.
Employers with vacation/paid time off
("PTO") policies that provide employees with at least the same rights set forth
in the Act are not required to offer employees additional paid sick time
benefits so long as at least 24 hours (or three days) of the vacation/PTO time
may be used for any qualifying purpose under the Act. The qualifying purposes
for leave include:
-
leave
for the purpose of diagnosis, care, or treatment of an existing health
condition;
-
preventative
care for an employee or employee’s family member; or leave sought by a
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victim
of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking to engage in certain
protected activities.
Thus, a PTO policy or vacation policy
that provides at least three days of vacation per year may be sufficient as to
any employees covered by the policy if it permits time off to be taken in
two-hour increments (or less) for any purpose. Employers that presently provide
sick leave will need to assess whether their current policy comprehensively
covers the permitted uses under the new law. For example, many sick leave
policies limit half of the allotment to kin care. However, the Act requires that
any sick leave provided under the Act be available for use for family members
and covers members of the family, such as grandparents, siblings, and those to
whom the employee stands in loco parentis, who may not be covered by an
employer’s existing sick leave policy.
There is no minimum number of employees
that an employer must employ to trigger application of the law and no
requirement that the employee live in California or spend a majority of his or
her work time in California. Indeed, an employee may work for six weeks in
California at varying points throughout the year and work in Maryland the rest
of the time, but he or she will still be covered under the Act. Likewise,
part-time and even temporary or seasonal employees may accrue time under the Act.
But, of course, if such employees do not remain employed for at least 90 days
following the outset of employment, they may never become eligible to actually
take sick time. There are very few employees excepted from the law, but such
exceptions include in-home health care workers, flight deck and cabin crew
members covered by the Railway Labor Act, and some workers covered by a
collective bargaining agreement.
The Act contains detailed
record-keeping and notice requirements, including a new poster requirement,
notice of rights to new employees, and a requirement that available sick leave
be documented in employee wage statements. Specifically, the law requires
employers to state in a wage statement (pay stub) the number of hours of sick
time an employee has left in the applicable year. The law also contains
penalties for noncompliance as well as significant protections against
retaliation.
B. Time Off for Emergency Duty
AB 2536 makes two significant changes to existing law that prohibits an employer from
discharging or in any manner discriminating against an employee who takes time
off to perform emergency duty as a volunteer firefighter, reserve peace
officer, or emergency rescue personnel. First, the legislation expands the
definition of "emergency rescue personnel" to include an officer, employee, or
member of a disaster medical response team sponsored or requested by the state.
Second, the legislation requires an employee who is a health care provider to
notify his or her employer (i) at the time that he or she becomes designated as
emergency rescue personnel and (ii) when the employee is notified that he or
she will be deployed for emergency duty.
II. Discrimination, Harassment, and Retaliation
Protections
A. Protections for Unpaid Interns and Volunteers
On September 9, 2014, California
Governor Jerry Brown signed into law AB 1443. This law amended California’s Fair Employment and Housing
Act ("FEHA") to add unpaid interns (and persons under limited-duration programs
that provide unpaid work experience) to the list of persons protected by
California’s anti-discrimination and anti-harassment laws. Specifically, AB
1443 prohibits discrimination against any person in the "selection, termination,
training, or other terms or treatment of that person in an unpaid internship,
or another limited duration program to provide unpaid work experience for that
person." The legislation also extends religious belief protections and
religious accommodation requirements to anyone in an apprenticeship training
program, an unpaid internship, or any other program to provide unpaid
experience in the workplace or industry.
B. Harassment Training: Prevention of Abusive
Conduct
AB 2053 requires
employers subject to the mandatory sexual harassment prevention training
requirement for supervisors to now include a component in such training on the
prevention of abusive conduct. "Abusive conduct" is defined as "conduct of an
employer or employee in the workplace, with malice, that a reasonable person
would find hostile, offensive, and unrelated to an employer’s legitimate
business interests." According to the statute, "abusive conduct" may include
the repeated infliction of verbal abuse (e.g., derogatory remarks, insults, and
epithets); verbal or physical conduct that a reasonable person would find
threatening, intimidating, or humiliating; or the gratuitous sabotage or
undermining of a person’s work performance. A single act will not typically
constitute abusive conduct unless it is especially severe and egregious.
The law does not create a cause of
action for abusive conduct in the workplace, but it does appear to be the first
step toward protecting workers against bullying in the workplace that is not
linked to any form of illegal discrimination.
C. National Origin Discrimination: Driver’s
Licenses for Undocumented Persons
Beginning January 1, 2015, the California
Department of Motor Vehicles is scheduled to start issuing driver’s licenses to
undocumented persons who can submit satisfactory proof of identity and
California residency. AB 1660 makes
it a violation of FEHA for an employer to discriminate against an individual
because he or she holds or presents such a driver’s license and amends FEHA to
specify that "national origin" discrimination includes discrimination on the
basis of possessing such a driver’s license.
The legislation also makes it a
violation of FEHA for an employer to require a person to present a driver’s
license, unless possessing a driver’s license is required by law or is required
by the employer, and the employer’s requirement is otherwise permitted by law.
For example, a retail clerk may not need a driver’s license in the scope of his
or her duties. Therefore, while the employer’s application for employment may
ask for the applicant’s driver’s license information, it may not condition the
job upon the applicant providing this information.
AB 1660 provides that actions taken by
an employer that are required to comply with federal I-9 verification
requirements under the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA") do not violate
California law. Thus, AB 1660 does not affect an employer’s rights or
obligations under the federal INA if presented with such a driver’s license.
Finally, the new legislation requires
employers to treat employee driver’s license information as confidential and
prohibits disclosure to any unauthorized person or use for any purpose other
than to establish identity and authorization to drive.
D. Unfair Immigration-Related Practices
AB 2751 makes
"cleanup" changes to prior law protecting employees from "unfair
immigration-related practices." AB 2751 expands the definition of an "unfair
immigration-related practice" to include threatening to file or filing a false
report or complaint with any state or federal agency.
The new legislation also revises
California Labor Code section 1024.6, which prohibits employers from "discharging
or in any manner discriminating, retaliating, or taking any adverse action
against an employee because the employee updates or attempts to update personal
information," defined as information relating to "a lawful change of name,
[S]ocial [S]ecurity number, or federal employment authorization document."
The updated Labor Code section also
removes a provision that allowed an employer to take adverse action if the
employee’s personal information changes are directly related to the skill set,
qualifications, or knowledge required for the job. Given these changes, as well
as a recent Executive Order permitting employment authorization to undocumented
workers who have no criminal background, it is much more likely that employees
who assumed identities or presented false documents will come forward. This may
test an employer’s honesty policy and lead to possible discrimination claims
under California law. Employers are cautioned against taking adverse action
against an employee who provides a new Social Security number for falsifying a
job application or other employment document, even if the employer suspects
that the change is due to a previously unlawful employment status.
The new legislation also clarifies
existing law regarding potential penalties for retaliating against an employee
who reports unfair immigration-related practices under Labor Code section 98.6.
Specifically, the cleanup legislation makes clear that, if a civil penalty is
awarded under Labor Code section 98.6, the award is payable to the employee.
E. Non-Discrimination Against Public Assistance
Recipients
AB 1792 prohibits
employers with more than 100 employees who are beneficiaries of the Medi-Cal
program from (i) discharging, discriminating, or retaliating in any manner
against an employee who enrolls in a public assistance program; (ii) refusing
to hire a beneficiary for reason of being enrolled in a public assistance
program; or (iii) disclosing that an employee receives or is applying for
public assistance, unless otherwise permitted by state or federal law.
F. Harassment Training: Farm Labor Contractors
SB 1087 requires
a farm labor contractor to certify to the Labor Commissioner that its employees
received required sexual harassment training in order to receive a farm labor
contractor’s license. Unlike the training requirements of AB 1825, supervisory
employees of farm labor contractors must be trained for at least two hours each
calendar year, and nonsupervisory employees also must be trained (i) at the
time of hire, and (ii) once every two years thereafter.
The law also (i) restricts the State of
California from granting a license to a farm labor contractor who has engaged
in sexual harassment; (ii) changes the mandatory written examination process;
and (iii) increases licensing fees, bonding requirements, and penalties.
III. Wage and Hour
A. Client Liability for Labor Contracts
AB 1897 imposes
liability for wage and hour violations of staffing agencies or subcontractors
on employers that contract for labor. Under the new law, if a labor contractor
fails to pay its workers properly or fails to provide workers’ compensation
coverage for those employees, the "client employer" can be held legally
responsible and liable. A worker or the worker’s representative must notify the
client employer of specified violations at least 30 days prior to filing a
civil action against a client employer to provide an opportunity to cure the
violation.
The legislation also expands to
client-employers' liability resulting from the staffing agency or subcontractor
entering into a contract for labor or services with a construction, farm labor,
garment, janitorial, security guard, or warehouse contractor, if the staffing
agency or subcontractor knows or should know that the contract or agreement
does not include sufficient funds for it to comply with laws or regulations
governing the labor or services to be provided.
AB 1897 also prohibits an employer from
retaliating against a worker for notifying it of a wage violation or for filing
a claim or civil action.
B. Clarification of Rest and Recovery Periods
Last year, Labor Code section 226.7 was
amended to provide rest and recovery periods for employees to recover from heat
illness. SB 1360, which was made effective upon passing in June 2014, confirms
that rest and recovery periods are paid breaks and count as hours worked. SB
1360 does not create new law but merely clarifies the existing requirements.
C. Waiting-Time Penalties
AB 1723 authorizes
the Labor Commissioner, in issuing citations for failure to pay the minimum
wage, to award any applicable penalties for an employer’s willful failure to
timely pay wages to a resigned or discharged employee, also called "waiting
time" penalties.
Another new law, AB 2743,
provides a waiting-time penalty if unionized theatrical and concert venue
employees violate any agreed-upon timeframe for payment of final wages
contained in a collective bargaining agreement.
D. Labor Code Complaints
AB 2751 amends
Labor Code section 98.6 to clarify that the $10,000 penalty for retaliation
against an employee who complains of Labor Code violations will be awarded to
the employee or employees who "suffered the violation." This law does not
create a new penalty but merely clarifies existing law.
E. Timeframe for Recovery of Liquidated Damages
Existing law permits an employee to
recover liquidated damages from the employer for failure to pay the minimum
wage, in the amount of the unpaid wages plus interest. AB 2074 clarifies
that the statute of limitations for a lawsuit to pursue liquidated damages for
failure to pay the minimum wage will not run until the expiration of the
statute of limitations for the wages for which the penalties are sought, which
is three years. Some recent court cases had held that liquidated damages claims
had to be filed within one year, the statute of limitations for penalties. AB
2074 effectively overrules those holdings by statute.
F. Foreign Labor Contractors
SB 477 affects
employers that use foreign labor contractors to recruit foreign workers for
projects in California. The new law changes the definition of "foreign labor
contractor" to mean a person who performs "labor contracting activity,"
including "recruiting or soliciting for compensation a foreign worker who
resides outside of the United States in furtherance of that worker’s employment
in California."
The new law protects foreign workers in
a variety of ways. First, the new law prohibits a foreign labor contractor from
charging a fee or cost to a foreign worker for foreign labor contracting
activities. Second, the new law prohibits charging a foreign worker with any
costs or expenses not customarily assessed against similarly situated workers,
and limits the amount of housing costs charged to the foreign worker to the
market rate for similar housing. Third, the new law prohibits requiring a
foreign worker to pay any costs or expenses prior to commencement of work or
changing the terms of the contract originally provided to and signed by the
foreign worker (unless the foreign worker is given at least 48 hours to review
and consider the additional requirements or changes and specifically consents
to each additional requirement or change).
In addition, the new law requires
foreign labor contractors to meet registration, licensing, and bonding
requirements by July 1, 2016, and prohibits employers from using non-registered
foreign labor contractors to supply workers in California.
The new law also provides for civil
action and penalties for noncompliance and joint liability for employers that
use non-registered foreign labor contractors.
G. Prevailing Wages
Several of bills passed this year
impact employers that provide services for public works projects requiring
payment of the prevailing wage. Among them are AB 26, which
redefines the word "construction" in public works projects to also include work
performed during the post-construction phases of construction, including all
cleanup work at the jobsite, and AB 2744, which
allows enforcement mechanisms that can be used against contractors or
subcontractors on public works projects to now be used for violations relating
to the employment of apprentices on these projects. New legislation also allows
a contractor to bring an action against "hiring parties" to recover any
increased costs (including labor costs, penalties, and legal fees) incurred
because of the untimely designation of a contract as a public works project.
H. Child Labor Law Violations: Increased
Remedies
AB 2288, the
Child Labor Protection Act of 2014, provides additional penalties for
violations of California labor laws regarding employment of minors. The law
adds section 1311.5 to the Labor Code, which provides treble damages if an
individual is discriminated or retaliated against because he or she filed a
claim or civil action alleging a violation of employment laws that occurred
while he or she was a minor, a penalty of $25,000 to $50,000 for certain
violations involving minors 12 years of age or younger, and a tolling of the statute
of limitations for violations of employment laws until the minor turns 18.
IV. Workplace Safety
A. Penalties for Failure to Abate Safety Hazards
AB 1634 prohibits the state Occupational Safety and Health Appeals
Board from modifying civil penalties for abatement or credit for abatement
unless the employer fixed the violation at an initial inspection or a
subsequent inspection prior to the issuance of the citation or submitted a
signed statement and supporting evidence within 10 working days after the date
fixed for abatement showing that the violation has been fixed.
Also, AB 1634 generally prohibits a
stay or suspension of an abatement requirement while an appeal or petition for
reconsideration is pending in cases of serious, repeat serious, or willful
serious violations, unless the employer can demonstrate that a stay or
suspension will not adversely affect the health and safety of employees.
B. Occupational Safety and Health Email
Reporting
AB 326 allows employers to email their reports of a work-related
serious injury, illness, or death to the Division of Occupational Safety and
Health, as opposed to reporting the incident by telephone.
Hospital Workplace Violence Prevention
Plans
SB 1299 requires the California
Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board to adopt standards by January 1,
2016, that require specified types of hospitals, including general acute care
hospitals or acute psychiatric hospitals, to adopt workplace violence
prevention plans as part of the hospitals’ injury and illness prevention plans.
C. Criminal History Information in Public
Contracts
AB 1650 requires contractors that bid on state contracts involving
onsite construction-related services to certify that they will not ask
applicants for on-site construction-related jobs to disclose information
concerning criminal history at the time of an initial employment application.
The law does not apply if the position requires a criminal background check
under state or federal law. Workers obtained through a union hiring hall
pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement are also excluded.
V. Employee Benefits
A. Workers’ Compensation Liens
AB 2732 clears up some issues with the 2012 workers’ compensation
reform legislation. First, it authorizes employees to pursue medical-legal
expenses through the Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board lien process. Second,
it requires employers to reimburse lien filing or activation fees, plus
interest. Third, the legislation clarifies that the existing law’s prohibition
against lien assignment applies only to liens filed prior to January 1, 2013.
B. Unemployment Insurance Updates
Three new laws impact unemployment
insurance ("UI"):
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AB 1556 revises unemployment eligibility standards for unemployed
individuals enrolled in training or education programs and extends a grace
period for workers seeking to continue their UI claims.
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SB 1083 expands the definition of "practitioner" under the UI code
to include physician assistants who have performed physical exams under the
supervision of a physician and surgeon and allows physician assistants to
certify an employee’s disability for UI purposes, effective January 1, 2017.
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SB 1314 extends the deadlines for requesting reconsideration of a
ruling determining eligibility for UI benefits and initiating an appeal to the
California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board of an administrative law
judge’s decision from 20 days to 30 days, beginning July 1, 2015.
C. Health Care Enrollment
SB 1034 deletes certain provisions of California law related to
waiting period limitations for health care coverage, and clarifies that waiting
periods are governed by the 90-day period authorized under the federal Patient
Protection and Affordable Care Act. The law prohibits a health care service
plan or health insurer offering group coverage from imposing an additional
waiting or affiliation period to any waiting period imposed by an employer and
permits a health care service plan or health insurer offering group coverage to
administer a waiting period imposed by a plan sponsor.
The law also requires employers that
offer certain small market grandfathered plans to send notice to eligible
employees or dependents who fail to enroll during an open enrollment period
that he or she may be excluded from eligibility for coverage until the next
open enrollment period.
What
Employers Should Do Now
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out-of-state
employers should assess whether any of their workforce may be subject to the
California sick leave requirements and make preparations for providing such
benefits;
-
in-state
employers should review current vacation/PTO and sick leave policies and make
tweaks, as necessary, to comply with the new law. For example:
-
ensure
part-time employees are afforded sick time;
-
ensure
carry-over provisions are sufficient; and
-
ensure
any sick time provided under the Act (i.e., at least 24 hours or three days)
may be used to care for the expanded scope of family members;
-
emergency
duty policies should be revised to address the new definition of "emergency
rescue personnel"; and
-
employers
may want to consider making mention of unpaid interns and volunteers in their
EEO policies.
News Release provided by:
JD Supra, LLC
10 Liberty Ship Way, Suite 300
Sausalito, California 94965 www.jdsupra.com