64: The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
362: Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with a Roman expeditionary force (60,000 men) to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire.
1389: France and England agree to the Truce of Leulinghem, inaugurating a 13-year peace, the longest period of sustained peace during the Hundred Years' War.
1870: The First Vatican Council decrees the dogma of papal infallibility.
1914: The U.S. Congress forms the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, giving official status to aircraft within the U.S. Army for the first time.
1925: Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.
1942: The Germans test fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 using its jet engines for the first time.
1968: Intel is founded in Mountain View, California.
1976: Nadia Comaneci becomes the first person in Olympic Games history to score a perfect 10 in gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
2012: Kim Jong-un is officially appointed Supreme Leader of North Korea and given the rank of Marshal in the Korean People's Army
2013: The Government of Detroit, with up to $20 billion in debt, files for the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history.
Famous birthdays: Machine Gun Kelly, Nelson Mandela, John Glenn, Richard Branson, Nick Faldo.