1453: France defeats England at Castillon, France, ending the Hundred Years’ War.
1762: Peter III of Russia is murdered and his wife, Catherine II, takes the throne.
1801: The U.S. fleet arrives in Tripoli.
1815: Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders to the British at Rochefort, France.
1821: Andrew Jackson becomes the governor of Florida.
1898: U.S. troops under General William R. Shafter take Santiago de Cuba during the Spanish-American War.
1944: Field Marshall Erwin Rommel is wounded when an Allied fighter strafes his staff car in France.
1946: Chinese communists attack the Nationalist army on the Yangtze River.
1966: Ho Chi Minh orders a partial mobilization of North Vietnam to defend against American airstrikes.
1987: Lt. Col. Oliver North and Rear Adm. John Poindexter begin testifying to Congress regarding the Iran-Contra scandal.