1429: Henry VI is crowned King of England.
1812: The first winter snow falls on the French Army as Napoleon Bonaparte retreats form Moscow.
1860: Abraham Lincoln is elected the 16th president of the United States.
1917: The Bolshevik October Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, seizes power in Petrograd.
1917: After three months of agonizing combat, the Canadians take Passchendaele, the small Flemish village around which the battle raged.
1923: As European inflation soars, one loaf of bread in Berlin is reported to be worth about 140 billion German marks.
1945: The first landing of a jet on a carrier takes place on the USS Wake Island when an FR-1 Fireball touches down.
1986: The Iran arms-for-hostages deal is revealed, damaging the Reagan administration.
1995: The Rova of Antananarivo, home of Madagascar’s sovereigns from the 16th to the 19th centuries, is destroyed by fire.
1999: Australia’s voters reject a referendum to make the country a republic with a president appointed by Parliament.