Source: HistoryNet.com
0657: Mu'awiya defeats Caliph Ali in the Battle of Siffin in Mesopotamia.
1529: Francisco Pizarro receives a royal warrant to "discover and conquer" Peru.
1830: King Charles X of France issues five ordinances limiting the political and civil rights of citizens.
1847: Liberia becomes the first African colony to become an independent state.
2005: The shuttle Discovery launches on mission STS-114, marking a return to space after the shuttle Columbia crash of 2003.