At one time, Wisconsin was a top producer of pulp and paper in the U.S. Today, Southern States like Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana have overtaken Wisconsin (see Figure 1).
The industry is shifting to wider and faster machines to feed the large 96 million ton U.S. paper demand. These new machine investments are being made in states with raw materials, proximity to population centers (the market), tax-friendly environment for business and individuals, and an amenable labor force.
Wisconsin's machine base is becoming less competitive as expansions of new, more productive machines move into states like Georgia. Wisconsin now ranks 31st in production rate per inch of width where Georgia ranks 8th. The end result is a distinct cost disadvantage, with Wisconsin ranked 31st lowest in cost per ton compared with Georgia which is 14th. So, why is this?
Wisconsin has the wood raw material base, but is at a disadvantage in other key drivers. Georgia is the largest producing state in 2013. A fact table on the WEDC web site shows that compared with Wisconsin, Georgia has lower corporate tax rates (6.0% versus 7.9%), lower personal income tax top bracket ($7,000 versus $232,640), a lower Unemployment Insurance Tax Rate (2.62% versus 3.6% for new employers), and Georgia prohibits union security agreements while Wisconsin protects them. Another key driver is population demographics. The population is shifting to southern states and their increasingly concentrated markets, leaving Wisconsin with a transportation disadvantage.
Reduced reliance on printed media is another important dynamic impacting Wisconsin's paper industry. The digital age is taking its toll on paper use across the country. U.S. paper production demand in some key segments has been falling off for the last five years (see Figure 2).
Some grades like packaging are experiencing steady performance while consumer driven tissue and towel has steady growth tied to population. Wisconsin's problem becomes apparent when looking at the same 10-year trend for the state. Wisconsin is experiencing drop offs across all grades with the possible exception of packaging (see Figure 3).
Losses in printing and writing is the most profound as smaller and older machines lose competitiveness in a shrinking market. Grades like tissue and towel and specialties are growing slowly on a national base but trending down in Wisconsin. Even packaging, which is experiencing solid growth nationally, is barely holding rates in Wisconsin. An improving economy nationally may help soften the blow to Wisconsin's paper business, but it will likely take a dramatic change in the state's business environment to stabilize or reverse the declining trend.
About the Author
Bill Burns is a senior consultant at Fisher International Inc. and can be contacted at bburns@fisher.com. The source for market data and analyses in this article is FisherSolve™, which describes the assets, capacity, and costs of every pulp and paper mill in the world making 50 tpd or more. More information about FisherSolve is available online.
TAPPI
http://www.tappi.org/