Budgetary Updates:
Predictions:
Five Legislative agenda Items pertaining to TFCA
1. DISEASE PRESUMPTION
Chapter 607 of the Texas Government Code states that a firefighter, peace officer, or emergency medical technician (EMT) who suffers from certain respiratory diseases or illnesses that result in death or disability is presumed to have contracted the disease or illness during the course and scope of employment.
Under Section 607.057, the presumption applies to a determination of whether a firefighter, peace officer, or EMT’s disability or death resulted from a disease or illness contracted in the course and scope of employment for purposes of benefits or compensation provided under another employee benefit, law, or plan, including a pension plan.
Presumption Legislative History
After extensive negotiations between cities and firefighters, the legislature in 2005 passed a bill, S.B. 310 by Senator Deuell, which provided that certain diseases contracted by firefighters and EMTs are presumed to be work-related and thus included in workers’ compensation coverage. Although several bills were filed in the next several sessions, additional presumption legislation did not pass until 2015, perhaps in recognition of the political capital expended reaching a compromise on S.B. 310 in 2005.
In 2015, H.B. 1388 by Representative Bohac passed. That bill required that:
S.B. 1582 by Senator Lucio added peace officers, for purposes of workers’ compensation coverage, to the firefighters’ disease presumption statute for certain illnesses broadening the types of illnesses police officers would be presumed to contract on the job.
Perhaps more significantly, S.B. 2551 by Senator Hinojosa made major changes to the cancer presumption provision affecting firefighters and EMTs. Among other things, the bill:
The League and TML Intergovernmental Risk Pool worked closely on the bill all session and supported its passage.
With such significant reforms passing in the 2019 session, it would be reasonable to think that presumption bills wouldn’t gain much traction in the 2021 legislative session. However, the COVID-19 pandemic changed that calculus. S.B. 22 by Senator Springer became effective June 14, 2021 (and retroactively applied to a COVID-19 diagnosis on or after the date of the governor’s disaster declaration on March 13, 2020), and provided a disease presumption for first responders diagnosed with COVID-19.
The new COVID-19 presumption, which expires September 1, 2023, applies to peace officers, firefighters, EMTs, and detention and custodial officers only if various conditions are met. It applies only when the first responder:
The bill has some retroactive effect. For example, a first responder who filed a claim between March 13, 2020 and June 14, 2021 and whose claim was denied, is entitled to request reprocessing of the claim under the new presumption. A request to reprocess a claim must be filed no later than June 14, 2022 (one year after the effective date of the bill). If a first responder contracted COVID- 19 between March 13, 2020 and June 14, 2021 and never filed a claim, he is entitled to file a claim no later than December 14, 2021.
A city that decides to rebut a COVID-19 presumption cannot do so based solely on evidence relating to the risk of exposure to COVID-19 of a person with whom a first responder resides. However, there is no prohibition to using a rebuttal when the person with which the first responder resides tests positive for COVID-19.
The TML Legislative Program provides that the League oppose legislation that would substantively change or expand the scope of the current disease presumption law, unless doing so is supported by reputable, independent scientific research.
We made a motion to add a second position to this TML recommendation. “The TML Legislative Program provides that the League support legislation that would extend the current disease presumptive law for COVID-19. The motion was seconded but failed by an estimated 4:1 ratio.
2. INCREASING THE MAXIMUM HIRING AGE OF FIREFIGHTERS
A firefighter in a civil service city is ineligible to begin a position if he/she is over 35 years of age. The civil service firefighter age hiring limit is set by Section 143.023(b) of the Local Government Code: “A person may not be certified as eligible for a beginning position in a fire department if the person is 36 years of age or older.”
Each city in Texas that has adopted civil service standards for firefighters is subject to this age restriction, sometimes making firefighter recruitment very difficult in cities across the state. Raising the maximum hiring age for firefighters from 35 to 45 would allow for the recruitment and hiring of qualified individuals who have waited later in life to become a firefighter or those who have waited until after their military obligations were complete.
This issue was brought to TML by the City of Belton prior to the 2021 legislative session. However, as the session moved along the City of Belton decided against pursuing this idea due to a variety of legislative and political reasons.
The Texas Local Government Code currently allows for the hiring of temporary fire fighters and police officers under limited circumstances but does not allow them to become permanent civil service employees with benefits:
Sec. 143.083. EMERGENCY APPOINTMENT OF TEMPORARY FIRE FIGHTERS AND POLICE OFFICERS.
The TML Legislative Program provides that the League support legislation that would increase the maximum hiring age for firefighters in a civil service city from age 35 to 45, or to eliminate the maximum hiring age altogether.
3. EMERGENCY SERVICE DISTRICTS (ESDs)
In recent years, a number of issues have cropped up involving ESDs and cities. Some of these issues involve the allocation of sales taxes between cities and ESDs. Others deal with more fundamental questions of ESD authority in the city limits and the city’s extraterritorial jurisdiction.
Legislation passed in 2007, S.B. 1502 by Zaffirini, allows an ESD to “carve out” portions of the district that are already at the two-cent sales tax cap, thus permitting the district to impose a sales tax in non-capped portions of the ESD. As a result of this bill, cities have experienced an increased number of new ESD sales taxes in their ETJ (prior to the bill, an ESD couldn’t pass a sales tax unless the entire district was eligible under the two-cent cap). Further, when a city annexes territory located in the ESD, the city is unable to collect sales taxes if they have already been claimed by the ESD.
In 2013, legislation was filed and passed that represents a step in the right direction for cities on this issue. H.B. 3159 by Isaac authorized a city that annexes territory served by an ESD (but does not provide emergency services in the newly-annexed area) to enter into an agreement with the ESD to divide the sales tax revenue in the newly-annexed area in an amount acceptable to both entities. The bill was not perfect, since an ESD could still refuse to negotiate such an agreement with the city and therefore limit the city sales taxes to be collected in the newly-annexed territory. However, some cities have utilized this authority to collect a higher percentage of sales taxes than they otherwise would have received without an agreement.
There are many other issues that can occur between cities and ESDs, including whether ESDs should be allowed to form outside the city limits or ETJ and then expand into the ETJ or city limits without the city’s consent. In 2013, Representative Goldman filed H.B. 1798, which would have required city council approval for an ESD to expand into a city’s corporate limits or ETJ. (Under current law, an ESD must receive city council approval when forming in the city limits or a city’s ETJ, but only for the initial formation of the district.) Oftentimes a city is providing emergency services in the ETJ when an ESD holds an election for the district to expand into the area, yet the city does not have the statutory authority to approve of such expansion. From the city perspective, if an ESD must receive city council approval when initially forming in the city limits or ETJ, why shouldn’t the ESD receive council approval if it seeks to expand into the same area? Currently, there is litigation involving the City of Huntsville and an area ESD on this exact question.
Another problem for cities is that the statute governing ESDs—Chapter 775 of the Health and Safety Code—does not give a city the ability to remove itself from an ESD if it had previously agreed to be a part of the district. As a result, there are some cities in the state that are legally unable to remove themselves from an ESD, even if the city is capable of providing the same level of services to the area within the city. Ironically, the only ESD bill that passed in 2015 (H.B. 3666 by Workman) authorized ESDs to remove themselves from a metropolitan transit authority. Legislation was filed in 2021 to require an ESD board to remove territory from the ESD on request of a city if the city secured an alternative emergency services provider – H.B. 2323 by Representative Schofield and the companion bill, S.B. 1473 by Senator Miles. Neither bill received a hearing.
The committee should discuss whether the League should take a position on legislation that would further address sales tax allocation when a city annexes an area located in an ETJ, legislation that would require council approval when an ESD seeks to expand into a city or a city’s ETJ, as well as legislation that would allow a city to remove itself from an ESD.
There currently are no positions on city relationships with ESDs in the TML Legislative Program. Many cities have voiced concerns over their interactions with ESDs and where state law may be lacking. Past positions in the TML Legislative Program on ESD-related issues include:
This motion was changed from “support” to “seek introduction and passage,” meaning attempt to find a sponsor, will provide testimony, and will otherwise actively pursue passage. in addition, they added language to force ESD’s into mediation or arbitration for a final disposition.
4. BUILDING CODES/PERMIT FEES
Uniform building codes can make construction and inspection easier and more cost-effective. However, because Texas is a vast state with many different climates and topographical features, the TML membership usually insists that each city be allowed to amend any mandatory codes to meet that city’s needs. Prior to 2001, Texas had no statewide standard for any residential or commercial buildings. Each city chose which, if any, building codes to apply within the city, and each city amended its code to meet local concerns. The most common codes were the Uniform Building Code and the Southern Standard Building Code.
In 2001, at the behest of homebuilders, the Texas Legislature adopted S.B. 365, now codified as Section 214.211 et seq. of the Texas Local Government Code. S.B. 365 adopted the International Residential Code (IRC) and the National Electrical Code as the standard building codes for residential construction in Texas cities starting January 1, 2002. Under the statutes, cities are authorized to make amendments to these codes to meet local concerns.
Also in 2001, the legislature adopted S.B. 5, which is now codified as Section 388.003 of the Texas Health and Safety Code. S.B. 5 adopted the Energy Efficiency Chapter of the IRC for single-family residential construction and the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) for all other residential, commercial, and industrial construction. The bill became effective on September 1, 2001, and cities were required to establish procedures for the administration and enforcement of the codes by September 1, 2001. Here again, cities are authorized to make amendments to the codes to meet local concerns in most cases, even after comprehensive amendments in 2015.
S.B. 283, passed in 2003, required any city that adopts a building code other than the International Residential Code to adopt and enforce either prescriptive provisions for the rehabilitation of buildings or the rehabilitation code that accompanies the city’s building code. The bill is codified as Section 214.215 et seq. of the Local Government Code.
Prior to 2005, no standard building code existed for new commercial construction, other than the applicable IECC provisions. Many cities still used the Uniform Building Code or the International Building Code for commercial construction, while others had adopted the newly- developed International Building Code.
In 2005 the legislature passed S.B. 1458, which provides that:
The 2009 session brought a bill that, as filed, would have been detrimental to all cities. The bill, S.B. 820, ultimately became a negotiated compromise that all parties could live with. It applied only to a city with a population of more than 100,000, and it provided that on or before the 21st day before the date the governing body takes action to consider, review, and recommend the adoption of or amendment to a national model code governing the construction, renovation, use, or maintenance of buildings and building systems, the governing body:
The bill also provides that if the governing body has established an advisory board or substantially similar entity for the purpose of obtaining public comment on the proposed adoption of or amendment to a national model code, the requirements described above do not apply. In addition, the bill provides that the governing body of a city with a population of more than 100,000 that adopts an ordinance or national model code provision that is intended to govern the construction, renovation, use, or maintenance of buildings and building systems in the city shall delay implementing and enforcing the ordinance for at least 30 days after final adoption, unless a delay in implementing or enforcing the ordinance would cause imminent harm to the health or safety of the public.
S.B. 1410 was a bill that passed in 2009 despite strong municipal opposition. The bill makes various changes to the requirements to obtain a state plumbing license. Of interest to cities, the bill provides, among other things, that:
The City of Tomball requested that the League support changing the prohibition against residential fire sprinklers in 2017 (one bill was filed – H.B. 2814 (Oliverson) – to implement that plan, but did not pass), and has again done so for 2019. Nothing passed in 2019 or 2021, although in 2021 H.B. 738 by Representative Paul expanded the prohibition to counties and emergency services districts.
The larger issue of legislative adoption of the International Building Codes appears to be fairly well-settled. Building fees, however, are another story. In 2015, S.B. 1679 (Huffines) was proposed, and would have provided that, when a city adopts procedures to adopt amendments to the International Building Code or any other building code, those procedures must include:
The bill would also have provided that (1) and (2) must be completed prior to any building code or building code amendment being adopted. The bill passed the Senate but died in the House.
During the 2017 session and 2018 interim, building code restrictions came back aggressively. The regular session saw S.B. 636 (Huffines). That bill, which did not pass, would have:
Essentially the same bill was filed during the special session in the form of 1H.B. 88. That bill also did not pass.
A city is not limited by statute as to the amount the city may charge for building and related permits. Fees vary widely based on several factors, including the number and type of inspections and the sophistication of the city’s permitting process.
The Texas Association of Builders continues to claim that out-of-control city fees are responsible for the rising costs of housing in Texas. In fact, a survey commissioned by TML shows that building and inspection fees constitute only a tiny fraction of a homebuyer’s mortgage payment.
Further, while there is no state statute that limits the amount a city may charge for building fees, court cases have held that cities are prohibited from making a large profit from building permit fees. Under the common-law interpretation of a city’s police powers, which include the power to adopt building codes and related fees, a city cannot charge more than is reasonably related or necessary to administer such powers. If a city does so, the fee may be deemed an unconstitutional tax.
In 2019, H.B. 852 prohibited cities from basing their building permit fees on the cost of a proposed structure or improvement. Specifically, the bill provides that:
Affected cities should have changed their system as soon as possible. Options include square footage-based fees, a flat fee schedule, or any other non-cost- based and reasonable calculation.
A significant piece of building code legislation passed in 2021 – H.B. 738 by Representative Paul. Of primary interest to cities, H.B. 738 updates the statutory editions of the International Residential and Building Codes to their 2012 versions. For more than two decades, state law referenced the older, 2001 and 2003 edition of those codes. This change means that cities must use at least the 2012 version of the IRC and IBC. The bill also confirms that a city can establish procedures to adopt local amendments “that may add, modify, or remove requirements” set by the codes, but only if the city holds a public hearing on the local amendment and adopts it by ordinance.
Also of note, the legislature passed S.B. 1210 in 2021. S.B. 1210 provides that a building code or other requirement applicable to commercial or residential buildings or construction may not prohibit the use of certain substitutes for hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants authorized under federal law. The bill goes into effect on January 1, 2023.
One bill of interest that was filed in 2021 but did not pass was S.B. 1947 by Springer. This bill would have:
The TML Legislative Program provides that the League should oppose legislation that would erode municipal authority related to development matters, including with respect to the following issues:
The TML Legislative Program provides that the League should support legislation that authorizes a city council to opt-in to requiring residential fire sprinklers in newly constructed single-family dwellings.
An amendment was added for residential fire sprinklers in remodeled or rebuilt construction. The amendment failed.
5. PERSONNEL: PENSION REFORM
Although many of Texas’ defined benefit (DB) plans seem to be in better shape than the rest of the country, the debate over shifting all government DB plans to defined contribution (DC) plans continues to build momentum. Organizations in Texas such as the Greater Houston Partnership, Texans for Public Pension Reform, the Texas Conservative Coalition, and the Texas Public Policy Foundation (TPPF) are all seeking reforms in public pensions, including advocating for a constitutional amendment against DB plans for public employees.
TPPF issued a report in 2011 calling for the following changes in public retirement systems:
TPPF claimed that these changes would have saved the state and local governments considerable money over the long term. The report goes on to add that with government workers now reaping more compensation than their private sector counterparts, taxpayers can no longer afford to subsidize generous retirements. During the past several years, state and municipal pension systems have implemented changes in the hopes of reigning in ballooning liabilities. Modifications like an increased minimum retirement age and readjusted benefit calculations have bought some time for the plans, but in no way have they gone far enough to keep long-term costs at bay.
Public-sector defined-benefit pension plans (retirement packages that promise retirees a set monthly income based on an employee’s salary history and years of service) are entitlements that transfer wealth from workers in the private sector to public sector retirees.
When pension funds fall short of their expected return rates (the case for the past several years), governments must eventually fill the gap by either increasing taxes or reallocating existing revenue. With public workers now making more than workers in the private sector, poorer taxpayers end up subsidizing generally wealthier government retirees.
The report concludes that the changes “would not only shield Texas from an inevitable public pension cost explosion, they would align public sector benefits with those in the private sector and create a more just retirement system.” To counter the efforts of TPPF and others, members of Texas employee pension systems, employee groups, unions, and other related groups benefiting firefighters, police, and municipal employees formed an organization called Texans for Secure Retirement (TSR). TSR’s objectives include retaining DB plans as the primary retirement planning option for all current and future public employees in Texas; educating the business community about the advantage of DB plans for public sector employees, employee groups, and related institutions; and enhancing public awareness about how DB plans for public employees are advantageous for the general public and the economy in Texas.
With so many coordinated efforts to address public pensions, League staff expected a healthy debate on pension reform during the 2013 legislative session. Many bills were filed and a few passed. The following bills passed and were largely related to reporting, auditing, and training:
H.B. 13 (Callegari/Duncan) – Pensions:
S.B. 200 (Patrick) – Pension Review Board:
This is the Pension Review Board sunset bill. Of interest to cities, this bill:
S.B. 220 (Birdwell/Anchia) – Firefighters Pension Commissioner:
Among other things, this bill transfers the responsibilities of the firefighters’ pension commissioner to the Texas Emergency Services Retirement System and the local firefighters’ retirement systems.
S.B. 366 (L. Taylor) – Retirement Benefits:
This bill authorizes a city to:
In the 2015 legislative session, the focus turned on reforming the Texas employee pension systems. Only a few public pension bills were filed and none received a hearing.
In 2016, TPPF issued a policy brief, Restoring Local Control of State-Governed Pension Plans, which examined the fiscal health of the systems and gives recommendations. TPPF acknowledged the difficulty in making substantive changes that are needed to make systems viable when approval must come from the legislature. The brief recommended that the legislature give the localities the authority to govern their own pension systems. Notably, Senator Bettencourt has filed legislation supporting this concept in the 2017, 2019, and 2021 sessions.
In the 2017 legislative session, the legislature largely concentrated on reforming the pension systems of Houston and Dallas, and significant bills were passed affecting those two cities. A few oversight bills were filed but none passed.
In the 2019 legislative session, a few oversight bills passed, as well as an omnibus Texas Municipal Retirement System (TMRS) bill that overhauled the system’s administrative procedures:
S.B. 322 (Huffman/Murphy) – Public Retirement Systems:
This bill provides that:
H.B. 2955 (Klick) – Pension Systems:
This bill would, among other things:
S.B. 1337 (Huffman/Flynn) – Texas Municipal Retirement System:
This bill amends the Texas Municipal Retirement System (TMRS) statute to:
S.B. 2224 (Huffman/Murphy) – Public Retirement Systems:
This bill would provide that a governing body of a public retirement system shall:
In the 2021 legislative session, a large focus of the pension debate centered on overhauling the Employees Retirement System of Texas, the pension system for state employees. Another transparency bill passed as well as a bill that allowed retired TMRS members return to work after a one-year break in service without benefit payments suspended.
H.B. 3898 (Anchia/Huffman) – Public Retirement Systems Funding:
Among other things, this bill provides that:
S.B. 1105 (Hughes/Anchia) – TMRS Return To Work:
Among other things, this bill provides that:
The TML Legislative program provides the League should oppose legislation that would further erode local control as it pertains to retirement issues.
The TML executive board will meet in December and decide on a final disposition for all agenda items so these may change before legislators convene. In addition, these are items the lobbyist believe will come up this session but not guaranteed. Why are we in TML again?